It represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah (nation). The first Islamic State was the political entity established by Muhammad in Medina in 622 CE under the Constitution of Medina.
Main articles: Caliphate and Muhammad in Medina Islamic states that are not Islamic monarchies are mostly Islamic republics. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law, wholly or in part, into their legal systems. However, the modern theories also make use of notions that did not exist before the modern era. Implementation of Islamic law plays an important role in modern theories of the Islamic state, as it did in classical Islamic political theories. The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as Sayyid Rashid Rida, Mohammed Omar, Abul A'la Maududi, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Israr Ahmed, Sayyid Qutb and Hassan al-Banna. As a translation of the Arabic term dawlah islāmiyyah ( Arabic: دولة إسلامية) it refers to a modern notion associated with political Islam ( Islamism). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law.
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